CREB downregulation in vascular disease: a common response to cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), an established mediator of atherosclerosis, on the transcription factor cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), which is a regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) quiescence. METHODS AND RESULTS VSMC CREB content is diminished in rodent models of diabetes and pulmonary hypertension. We examined aortic CREB content in rodent models of aging, hypertension, and insulin resistance, and we determined nuclear CREB protein in the medial VSMC of high-fat-fed LDL receptor-null mice. There was significant loss of CREB protein in all models. In vitro, primary culture rat aortic VSMC exposed to LDL and oxidized LDL exhibited a rapid, transient increase in CREB phosphorylation and transient phosphorylation/activation of Akt, ERK, JNK, ans p38 MAPK. Exposure to oxidized LDL, but not to LDL, for 24 to 48 hours decreased CREB protein in a dose-dependent fashion and led to nuclear exclusion of CREB. Pharmacological reactive oxygen species scavengers and inhibition of ERK activation blocked oxidized LDL-mediated CREB downregulation. CONCLUSIONS These data support a model wherein loss of VSMC CREB protein, which renders these cells more susceptible to activation and apoptosis, is a common pathological response to vascular injury and potentially contributes to plaque progression.